Successive approximation should not be confused with feedback processes as feedback generally refers to numerous types of consequences.
Notably, consequences can also include punishment, while shaping instead relies on the use of positive reinforcement. Feedback also often denotes a consequence for a specific response out of a range of responses, such as the production of a desired note on a musical instrument versus the production of incorrect notes. Shaping, on the other hand, involves the reinforcement of each intermediate response that further resembles the desired response.
Shaping is used in two areas in psychology: training operant responses in lab animals, and in applied behavior analysis or behavior modification to change human or animal behaviours considered to be maladaptive or dysfunctional.
It also plays an important role in commercial animal training. Shaping - assists in discrimination , the ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and are not reinforced and generalization the application of a response learned in one situation to a different but similar situation. Autoshaping sometimes called "sign tracking" is any of a variety of experimental procedures used to study classical conditioning in pigeons.
In its simplest form, autoshaping is very similar to Pavlov's salivary conditioning procedure using dogs. In Pavlov's best-known procedure, a short audible tone reliably preceded the presentation of food to dogs.
The dogs naturally, unconditionally, salivated unconditioned response to the food unconditioned stimulus given them, but through learning, conditionally, came to salivate conditioned response to the tone conditioned stimulus that predicted food see conditioning.
In autoshaping a light is reliably turned on shortly before pigeons are given food. Video Demonstration Strategy. How To Use Shaping starts with a task analysis in which a desired behavior is broken down into smaller and more manageable steps that would move the child successively closer to that desired behavior.
For example, if the desired behavior is to play independently for 10 minutes with two or fewer prompts, a step analysis may break the desired behavior down into the following approximations: Play for 2 minutes with two or fewer prompts Play for 4 minutes with two or fewer prompts Play for 6 minutes with two or fewer prompts Play for 8 minutes with two or fewer prompts Play for 10 minutes with two or fewer prompts.
When To Use Shaping behavior is an aspect of behavior analysis that gradually teaches new behavior through the use of reinforcement until the target behavior is achieved. Example s Jason Ms. Henderson suggested a shaping technique to teach seated behavior after she had determined that Jason was remaining in his seat a mean of 2 minutes during social studies.
Brown and Ms. Another prime example of shaping conducted by Skinner is his experiment on rats. The target behavior for the rat was to press the lever, in which case, it would be rewarded with food. So, the trainer, initially, even gave rewards to crude approximations of the target behavior. For instance , even a single step taken in the right direction was reinforced. Then, another step was reinforced, and likewise Skinner would reward the rat for standing on its hind legs, then even the slightest touch on the lever was rewarded, until the rat finally pressed the lever.
The crucial aspect of this procedure is to only reward new behaviors that are closer to the targeted behavior. In this way, shaping uses principles of operant conditioning to train a subject to learn a behavior by reinforcing proper behaviors and discouraging unwanted behaviors. Shaping can also be defined as a conditioning paradigm used primarily in the experimental analysis of behavior. The method of reinforcing successive approximations in order to teach a behavior has been found affective in humans and animals alike.
Example 1: Teaching dogs how to follow verbal commands is one easy-to-understand example of shaping.
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