Country Military Personnel Battle deaths Wounded Australia 1,, 26, , Austria , , , Belgium , 8, 55, 1 Brazil 2 40, 4, Bulgaria , 6, 21, Canada 1,, 7 42, 7 53, China 3 17,, 1,, 1,, Czechoslovakia?
Finland , 79, 50, France? South Africa , 2,? Civilians only. General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung. Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons. The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China and in early conflicts against the Soviets.
Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and sometimes on prisoners of war. The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22, Polish officers and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army.
The mass-bombing of civilian areas, notably the cities of Warsaw, Rotterdam and London, included the aerial targeting of hospitals and fleeing refugees by the German Luftwaffe, along with the bombings of Tokyo and the German cities of Dresden, Hamburg, and Cologne by the Western Allies. These bombings may be considered war crimes. The latter resulted in the destruction of more than cities and the death of more than , German civilians.
However, no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II. The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust, the killing of approximately 6 million Jews, 2. About 12 million, mostly Eastern Europeans, were employed in the German war economy as forced laborers.
The magnitude is clear. And behind each number are individuals whose hopes and dreams were destroyed. Efforts to name the victims are important to restore the individuality and dignity their killers sought to destroy. Note 1 "Other" includes, for example, persons killed in shooting operations in Poland in —; as partisans in Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, France or Belgium; in labor battalions in Hungary; during antisemitic actions in Germany and Austria before the war; by the Iron Guard in Romania, —; and on evacuation marches from concentration camps and labor camps in the last six months of World War II.
It also includes people caught in hiding and killed in Poland, Serbia, and elsewhere in German-occupied Europe. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors. Trending keywords:. Featured Content. Tags Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics. Browse A-Z Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically.
For Teachers Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust. Wise — International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. About This Site. Glossary : Full Glossary. Key Facts. It often indicates a user profile. Log out. US Markets Loading H M S In the news. Jeremy Bender. Sign up for notifications from Insider!
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