The National Pact of was the basis of the Turkish negotiating position, and its provisions were recognized in the treaty concluded by Turkey in July with the Allied powers. The United States participated in the conference but, because it had never been at war with Turkey, did not sign the treaty.
The Treaty of Lausanne recognized the present-day territory of Turkey with two exceptions: the Mossul area and Hatay province, which included the port of Alexandretta present-day Iskenderun. The boundary with Iraq was settled by a League of Nations initiative in , and Iskenderun was ceded to Turkey in by France in its capacity as League of Nations mandatory power for Syria. Detailed provisions of the treaty regulated use of the straits. General supervisory powers were given to the Straits Commission under the League of Nations, and the straits area was to be demilitarized after completion of the Allied withdrawal.
Turkey was to hold the presidency of the commission, which included the Soviet Union among its members. The capitulations and foreign administration of the Ottoman public debt, which infringed on the sovereignty of Turkey , were abolished.
Award Winner. Reviewed Content. Available for Course Adoption. Features Completes a trilogy of books by Edward J. With no comprehensive English-language military history available, fills a massive gap in our understanding of this important war and Turkey's founding on the centenary of Turkey's birth Contains the first reconciliation of combatant estimates of military and civilian casualties in the Turkish War of Independence Analyzes the Turkish War of Independence as an early example of modern "hybrid-war" combination of differing types of wars—in this case, simultaneously conventional, unconventional, counterinsurgency, and political-economic-information warfare.
Author Info Edward J. The final insult to the Ottomans came with the invasion of Izmir by the Greek army and its violent advance into Anatolia. Civilian resistance began building up against the occupation, but without a sense of direction or coordination.
Irritated by the signs of resistance in Anatolia, the Allied Forces asked the Ottoman government to dispatch an Inspector General of the Ottoman Armies to Anatolia to quell these unrests, restore the command structure in the dispersed Ottoman armies and crush the budding resistance. Mustafa Kemal, whose public and military standing was solidified as the military commander who won the Ottoman victory in Gallipoli, managed to be assigned to this post.
Search for:. Ataturk and Turkish Independence Learning Objective Outline the path taken to a Turkish state and the role played by Ataturk. The occupation of Istanbul and Izmir by the Allies in the aftermath of WWI prompted the establishment of the Turkish National Movement under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli. Central to these reforms were the belief that Turkish society would have to Westernize itself both politically and culturally in order to modernize.
It led to the founding of the Republic of Turkey. Turkish National Movement Encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation and shaping of the modern Republic of Turkey, as a consequence of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the subsequent occupation of Constantinople and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros.
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